Energy and respiration

Energy and ATP: the universal energy currencySign up

12.1.1 outline the need for energy in living organisms, as illustrated by active transport, movement and anabolic reactions such as those occurring in DNA replication and protein synthesis · 12.1.2 describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency (e.g. small, soluble, easily transported, releases a usable amount of energy in a single hydrolysis step, rapidly resynthesised from ADP + Pi) · 12.1.3 state that ATP is synthesised by transfer of phosphate in substrate-linked reactions and by chemiosmosis in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Glycolysis and the stages of aerobic respirationSign up

understand the overall reaction of aerobic respiration: splitting of respiratory substrate to release CO₂ and reuniting hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen, releasing large amounts of energy · understand that respiration is a stepped process, each step controlled and catalysed by a specific intracellular enzyme (names of enzymes not required) · understand the role of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration: phosphorylation of hexoses, ATP production by substrate-level phosphorylation, reduced coenzyme, pyruvate and lactate (intermediate compound names not required)

The link reaction and the Krebs cycleSign up

understand the role of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose, formation of CO₂ by decarboxylation, ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and reduced NAD/FAD by dehydrogenation (other compound names not required); locate these steps in mitochondria vs glycolysis in the cytoplasm

Oxidative phosphorylation and the mitochondrionSign up

understand how ATP is synthesised by oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain in mitochondria, including the role of chemiosmosis and ATP synthase

Anaerobic respiration, respiratory substrates and RQSign up

understand what happens to lactate after anaerobic respiration in animals · understand the term respiratory quotient (RQ) · CORE PRACTICAL 15: use an artificial hydrogen carrier (redox indicator) to investigate respiration in yeast · CORE PRACTICAL 16: use a simple respirometer to determine the rate of respiration and RQ of a suitable material (e.g. germinating seeds or small invertebrates)