Control and coordination

The Endocrine System and Nervous vs Endocrine CoordinationSign up

describe the features of the endocrine system: ductless glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, which transports them to target cells/organs bearing specific receptors, with reference to the hormones ADH (posterior pituitary), glucagon and insulin (pancreatic islet alpha and beta cells) - full action detail cross-refers to Topic 14 (15.1.1). NOTE: the seed al-edx-bio-5.2-lesson-7 contributes only the 'nervous and hormonal coordination' thread; all endocrine-gland content is authored fresh (draws on Topic 14 kidney/ADH and blood-glucose lessons) · compare the features of the nervous system and the endocrine system: nature of signal (electrical impulse vs chemical hormone), pathway (along neurones vs dissolved in blood/transported by circulation), speed of transmission, duration of the effect, and whether the response is localised or widespread (15.1.2)

Neurones and Sensory ReceptionSign up

know the structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurones, including Schwann cells and myelination · understand how the nervous system can cause effectors to respond to a stimulus · know the structure and function of a spinal reflex arc, including grey matter and white matter of the spinal cord

The Nerve Impulse: Resting and Action Potentials, Conduction and the Refractory PeriodSign up

understand how a nerve impulse (action potential) is conducted along an axon, including changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions · understand the role of myelination in saltatory conduction

The Cholinergic SynapseSign up

know the structure and function of synapses in nerve impulse transmission, including the role of neurotransmitters and acetylcholine · understand how the pupil dilates and contracts

Striated Muscle Structure and the Neuromuscular JunctionSign up

describe the ultrastructure of striated (skeletal) muscle with reference to sarcomere structure using electron micrographs and diagrams: A band, I band, H zone, Z line and M line, and the arrangement of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments within the sarcomere (15.1.11). NOTE: seed al-edx-bio-5.1-lesson-5 supplies only generic 'structure of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre' (its skeleton/tendons/antagonistic-pairs/fast-vs-slow-twitch content is sunk); the EM sarcomere banding can also draw on the sliding-filament clone source al-edx-bio-5.1-lesson-6 · describe the roles of the neuromuscular junction (arrival of the action potential at the motor end plate releasing acetylcholine to depolarise the sarcolemma), the T-tubule system (conducting depolarisation into the fibre) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ store releasing calcium ions to stimulate contraction) in stimulating contraction in striated muscle (15.1.10) - this outcome is entirely absent from the seed and authored fresh

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle ContractionSign up

understand the process of skeletal muscle contraction in terms of the sliding filament theory, including the roles of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions (Ca²⁺), ATP and ATPase

Control and Coordination in PlantsSign up

understand the term habituation · understand how phytochrome, auxin (IAA) and gibberellins bring about responses in plants, including their effects on transcription · CORE PRACTICAL 18: investigate the production of amylase in germinating cereal grains