Lessons
Physics · 24 topics · 73 lessons
Describe motion precisely — displacement, velocity, and acceleration linked by the SUVAT equations. Includes projectile motion and the independence of horizontal and vertical components.
How Far and How Fast?
Distance vs Displacement · Speed vs Velocity
Speeding Up, Slowing Down, and Falling
Acceleration · SUVAT Equations · Free Fall
Reading the Story of Motion
s-t Graphs · v-t Graphs · a-t Graphs
Projectile Motion
Two Motions One Object · Calculating Projectile Paths · Air Resistance Effects
Identify and describe contact forces, construct free-body diagrams, determine resultant forces in one and two dimensions, and apply equations for friction, springs, drag, and buoyancy.
Define work done, kinetic energy, gravitational and elastic potential energy. Apply conservation of energy and calculate power and efficiency.
Define torque, moment of inertia, and angular momentum. Apply Newton's second law for rotation and conservation of angular momentum to solve rotational mechanics problems.
Explore reference frames, Galilean transforms, and Einstein's postulates. Apply Lorentz transformations, spacetime diagrams, and relativistic energy-momentum relations.
Reference Frames and Einstein's PostulatesHL
Reference Frames · Einstein's Postulates
Time and Space BendHL
Time Dilation · Length Contraction
Spacetime DiagramsHL
Worldlines & Simultaneity · Spacetime Interval
Relativistic Energy and MomentumHL
Relativistic Momentum · Mass-Energy Equivalence · Energy-Momentum Relation
Describe molecular theory, define density, explain phase transitions, calculate thermal energy using Q = mcΔT and Q = mL, and apply Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien's laws.
Particles and Phases
Molecular Structure · Density · Phase Transitions
Temperature and Internal Energy
Temperature & KE · Internal Energy · Heat Transfer
Heating, Cooling, and Radiation
Specific Heat Capacity · Specific Latent Heat · Heating & Cooling Curves · Black-Body Radiation
Thermal Conduction and Luminosity
Rate of Conduction · Convection · Apparent Brightness
Understand how albedo, emissivity, and the greenhouse effect determine Earth's surface temperature, and apply energy balance models to predict climate outcomes.
Define pressure and amount of substance, apply the ideal gas law pV = nRT, understand the kinetic model, and describe gas law relationships.
Reflection, Refraction & TIR
Laws of Reflection & Refraction · Snell's Law & Refractive Index · Total Internal Reflection & Critical Angle
Diffraction
Diffraction Through Slits & Around Obstacles · Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
Interference & the Double-Slit Experiment
Constructive & Destructive Interference · Double-Slit Fringe Spacing · Multiple Slits & Diffraction Gratings
ResolutionHL
The Rayleigh Criterion
Every mass pulls on every other mass. Quantify gravitational force, field strength, orbital mechanics, and escape velocity — from Newton's law to Kepler's orbits.
The Invisible Pull
Newton's Law of Gravitation · Gravitational Field Strength
Orbits and Kepler's Laws
Kepler's Three Laws · Orbital Speed & Period
Gravitational Potential and EnergyHL
Gravitational Potential & PE · Escape Speed
Satellites, Energy, and WeightlessnessHL
Total Energy of a Satellite · Weightlessness in Orbit
Coulomb's Law and Electric Fields
Coulomb's Law · Electric Field · Quantised Charge · Field Line Density
Electric Potential and EnergyHL
Electric Potential & Potential Energy · Equipotential Surfaces
Magnetic Fields and Forces
Magnetic Field Patterns · The Motor Effect
CapacitanceHL
Capacitance & Energy Storage · RC Circuits
How do charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields? From CRT televisions to mass spectrometers, the motion of charges in fields underpins technologies that shaped the modern world.
Charged Particles in Electric Fields
Force & Acceleration in E Fields · Parabolic Trajectory in E Fields
Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges · Circular Motion in B Fields · Velocity Selector
The Hall Effect and Forces Between Wires
The Hall Effect · Force Between Parallel Wires
Inside the Atom
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment · Inside the Nucleus · Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotopes
Light from Atoms
Energy Levels · Photon Energy: E = hf · Spectra as Evidence
The Bohr ModelHL
Bohr's Quantisation Conditions · Calculating Energy Levels and Wavelengths · Limitations of the Bohr Model
The Photoelectric Effect
The Photoelectric Effect · The Photoelectric Equation · Threshold Frequency & Work Function
Matter Waves
The de Broglie Hypothesis · Calculating de Broglie Wavelength · Electron Diffraction Evidence
Wave-Particle DualityHL
Wave-Particle Duality · The Uncertainty Principle · Probabilistic Quantum Mechanics
Types of Radioactive Decay
Nature of Radioactive Decay · Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation · Writing Decay Equations
Half-Life and Activity
Half-Life · Exponential Decay Calculations · Activity and Decay Constant
Nuclear StabilityHL
Mass Defect and Binding Energy · Binding Energy Calculations · The Binding Energy Curve