Halogen compounds

Halogenoalkanes: Nucleophilic Substitution and EliminationSign up

understand the nomenclature of halogenoalkanes and be able to draw their structural, displayed and skeletal formulae · understand the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes · understand the reactions of halogenoalkanes with: (i) aqueous alkali, including KOH(aq) to produce alcohols (where the hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile); (ii) ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes by an elimination reaction (where the hydroxide ion acts as a base); (iii) aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol (where water acts as a nucleophile); (iv) alcoholic ammonia under pressure to produce amines (where the ammonia acts as a nucleophile); (v) alcoholic potassium cyanide to produce nitriles (where the cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile). Students should know this is an example of increasing the length of the carbon chain. · understand the mechanisms of the nucleophilic substitution reactions between primary halogenoalkanes and: (i) aqueous potassium hydroxide; (ii) ammonia. SN1 and SN2 substitution mechanisms will be tested in Unit 4. · understand that experimental observations and data can be used to compare the relative rates of hydrolysis of: (i) primary, secondary and tertiary structural isomers of a halogenoalkane; (ii) primary chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes using aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol · CORE PRACTICAL 5: Investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes · know the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes · understand, in terms of bond enthalpy, the trend in reactivity of chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes · CORE PRACTICAL 6: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol with concentrated hydrochloric acid

Halogenoarenes: Formation and Reactivity vs HalogenoalkanesSign up

recall the production of halogenoarenes by catalysed halogenation of arenes · explain the difference in reactivity between halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes · explain halogenoarene inertness via C-X bond strength and lone-pair delocalisation