D1.2 Protein synthesis
DNA → mRNA via transcription (RNA polymerase, antisense template); mRNA → polypeptide via translation at the ribosome (A/P/E sites, tRNAs, the triplet code with redundancy + universality + start/stop signals); sickle-cell as a worked example of a single base change causing disease; HL extensions cover pre-mRNA processing (5' cap, poly-A tail, splicing + alternative splicing) and post-translational modification (cleavage of preproinsulin → insulin, ubiquitin/proteasome recycling).
TranscriptionSign up
RNA polymerase reads the antisense strand · Gene expression starts with transcription
The genetic code and translationSign up
The genetic code is a 3-letter language (redundancy + universality + start/stop) · Translation: ribosome A/P/E sites + tRNAs + sickle-cell worked example
Splicing and post-translational modification (AHL)HLSign up
Pre-mRNA processing (5' cap, poly-A tail, splicing) + alternative splicing · Post-translational modification (preproinsulin → insulin) + ubiquitin/proteasome